Making the Most of Your Balance Sheet

What’s the value of a balance sheet? It can help you know your company’s net worth, how much money you have made, and where your equity is located. Balance sheets are also essential for attracting investors, securing loans and selling a business.

What is a Balance Sheet?

The balance sheet provides a picture of your financials at a moment in time, incorporating all your journal entry since you opened your business. It shows what your business owns (assets), what it owes (liabilities) and what is left over for you (owner’s equity).

Why Do you Need One?

The balance sheet includes every transaction since you opened your business, so it shows the health of your business’s finances. At a glance, you’ll know:

exactly how much money you’ve put in,
how much debt you’ve accumulated and
how current assets compare to current liabilities to make sure you can meet upcoming payments.

The information in your balance sheet can help you calculate key financial ratios, such as the “debt to equity” ratio, which shows whether you can pay for your debts with equity, should the need arise.

Even more immediately applicable is the current assets : current liabilities ratio. This will tell you whether you have the ability to pay all your debts in the next 12 months.

You can compare your current balance sheet to previous balance sheets to see how your finances have changed over time. You’ll be able to see how far you’ve come since

What’s on a Balance Sheet?

All balance sheets have three categories:

assets,
liabilities, and
owner’s equity.

Assets

Assets are the things your business owns that have a dollar value.

On the balance sheet, you should list your assets in order of liquidity (how easily they can be turned into cash, sold or consumed). Anything you plan to convert into cash within a year are called current assets.

These include:

Money in a checking account
Money in transit (money being transferred from another account)
Accounts receivable
Short-term investments
Inventory
Pre-paid expenses
Currency, stocks and bonds

Long-term assets, on the other hand, are things you don’t plan to convert to cash within the next 12 months.

Long-term assets include:

Buildings and land
Machinery and equipment (minus accumulated depreciation)
Intangible assets (patents, trademarks, and goodwill (list the market value: what a buyer might pay for these)
Long-term investments

Liabilities

Liabilities are what your business owes.

List these by their due date. Just like assets, you’ll classify them as current (due within a year) and long-term (due after a year).

Your current liabilities might include:

Accounts payable
Wages owed for hours already worked
Loans have to paid back within a year
Taxes owed

Here are some long-term liabilities:

Loans due next year
Bonds issued by you

Equity

Equity is money held by your company. (This category is called “owner’s equity” for sole proprietorships and “stockholders’ equity” for corporations.) It shows what belongs to the business owners.

Owners’ equity includes:

Capital (money invested in the business by the owners)
Private or public stock
Retained earnings (all revenue minus all expenses since inception)

Equity can decline when you draw out money to pay yourself, or when you issue dividends to your shareholders.

The Balance Sheet Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. Assets go on one side, liabilities plus equity on the other. The two sides must balance.

You pay for your company’s assets by either borrowing money (increasing liabilities) or getting money from the owners (equity).